Ethics And Abortion Essays - Abortion, Personhood, Abortion Debate

Ethics And Abortion Nicole Brockway Philosophy Professor Shibles Dec 1999 Ethics and Abortion Since the beginning of time, women have faced oppression in every area of our lives. While people around the world fought and gained the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, it seemed the women of the world were being denied these rights. Women have worked long and hard to gain equality and the right to be in charge of their own bodies. As a woman of the 1990's, about to reach the turn of the century, I feel it is my place to continue to fight for the rights of my gender. As a long time supporter of the pro-choice movement, I have come to see that there are numerous arguments for pro-choice, as well as against. I have also come to see that there are many different ways to look at both sides of these arguments. Some envision life as black and white, as right and wrong. By looking at life philosophically, we come to see that it is not as simple as that. Intelligent arguments do not only depend on a person's point of view. They depend on critical analysis also. People are not merely a means to an end, but ends in themselves. A woman treated as an incubator by the law is merely a means to an end, and is therefore not being Brockway 2 regarded as a person. The woman's right as a person, to be treated as an end in herself, accords her the right to choose. A woman is a person, while the embryo is nothing but a potential person. Being just a potential person, it therefore does not have the rights of an actual person. Another big argument in the movement is the religious aspect of the debate. Christians are usually in accordance with the pro-life group. Anti-abortion legislation is based upon the acceptance of faith of supernatural entities called souls. These souls should not be confused with the psyche studied by psychologists, for psyche is Greek for soul or breath (The American Heritage Dictionary. Second College Edition. 1982. Houghton Mifflin Company. Pg 999). The Greek term psyche is both mental and destructible and aware of the reality of death and its own extinction ( reference). The soul, by contrast, is immortal, indivisible, and indestructible. Having a soul is important to Christians because it is the soul that arises into heaven and gains eternal life. The reason that we kill, eat, and experiment on animals is because they supposedly lack a soul. But when does a fetus acquire a soul? Fathers of the Christian religion, St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas, decreed that the fetus acqui red a soul after 40 days for a male, and 90 days for a female, (When Did I Begin?. Dr. Norman Find. 1988. C.U.P. pg 39-43, 193). This example, from a Christian source, highlights a very well known philosophical problem. This problem is the logical impossibility of precisely drawing the line as to when the fetus acquires a soul. Bible can not be accepted as a Brockway 3 source of ethics by humane and secular governments, nor is The Bible replete with examples of, what are by modern secular standards, barbaric moral precepts. For example, in Deuteronomy 22:28-29, The Bible states: If a man rapes an unbetrothed female virgin, then the punishment is to force the man to marry the woman with no right of divorce. How is that punishment for him? The woman is punished for something that she had no control over. Some pro-lifers argue that it is murder to kill an unborn child because life begins at conception. They are correct when stating that. A new human life begins when an egg with 23 chromosomes joins with a sperm with 23 chromosomes and creates a fertilized cell called a zygote with 46 chromosomes. A single cell zygote contains the DNA necessary to grow-therefore it is a potential person ( reference). But being alive does not give the zygote full human rights. A single cell ameba also converts nutrients and oxygen into biological energy that causes its ells to divide and multiply. An ameba also contains a full set of DNA and is just as alive as a

The Scientific Revolution DBQ Essay Example

The Scientific Revolution DBQ Essay Example The Scientific Revolution DBQ Essay The Scientific Revolution DBQ Essay Jean Baptists Collect, a French finance minister, expresses positivist about the influence of science on the government. Because the splendor and happiness of the State consists not only in maintaining the glory of arms abroad, but also in displaying at home and abundance of wealth and in causing the arts and sciences to flourish, they state proudly, We have been persuaded for many years to establish several academies for both letters and science. With the employment of scientific discoveries in the government, both can benefit, being that war can become more high tech, and research can be more easily conducted. Considering that the happiness of the state depended on how well science flourished, scientists would then be pressured to keep working toward new technology and improvement of old ones. Natural philosophers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were constantly dependent on the criticism of religion, social archetypes, and politics, as they were the deciding factors to how science would be utilized or rejected.

Knowledge is an example of a public good. Analyse this statement, Essay

Knowledge is an example of a public good. Analyse this statement, drawing on further research to inform your argument - Essay Example These include non-rivalry and non-excludability. Suber (2009) describes that knowledge is non-rivalrous in the sense that its sharing among several people does not deplete its stock. This characteristic of knowledge is shared by other public goods such as air and sunshine. The second feature of knowledge is non-excludabilty. Once knowledge has been created, it is extremely difficult or impossible to limit people from accessing it as long as they have the resources and mental capacity to access it. At the same time, Suber (2009) also distinguishes between knowledge and its forms of expression. According to his argument, knowledge is a public good while its expression in the form of books and journal articles is not. Anderson (2006) argues that knowledge should be considered primarily as a â€Å"public good† while its position as a private asset should be secondary. This reflects the diverse opinions that regard knowledge as an economic asset as well as a social good. Anderson ( 2006) describes four different views of knowledge along a continuum of private and public good. He describes that in the United Kingdom, knowledge is first regarded as a private asset and then as a public good. He argues that the perception should be reversed and British society should view knowledge first as a public good and then as a private asset. ... Haskel (n.a.) discusses the importance of knowledge as a public good from a European perspective. He argues that in making knowledge a public good, states should not seek to act monopolistically themselves. While the state should check inefficiencies such as under-provision of knowledge, it should not seek to subsidize knowledge that is not being withheld by such barriers. At the same time, the state should avoid creating inefficiencies that might be created if it retains sole control over the dissemination of knowledge. Competition and the private sector should be given space to operate as long as inefficiencies are not created. Haskel (n.a.) also argues that public sector involvement in knowledge creation encourage the private sector rather than discouraging it. The tax credits awarded to companies investing in R&D can be allocated more efficiently if investment in areas such as design, marketing, and training are also considered. Stiglitz (1999) views knowledge not only as a publi c good, but as a global public good that should be accessible to all people who can benefit from it. Particularly, in the domain of science and technology, the knowledge is less likely to be geographically-dependent; hence, it has global applications and should be available globally. Stiglitz (1999) discusses some of the constraints that limit the global accessibility of knowledge. Recognizing corporate interests in protecting essential knowledge such as product formulations or technology design, Stiglitz (1999) proposes that the state can invest in research so that economic efficiencies can be achieved. Stiglitz (1999) criticizes the use of patents and other means of enabling firms to recoup their research and development costs. These act as taxes for the consumer and create economic

School Profiler Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

School Profiler - Assignment Example On the other hand, the school performed poorly in the category of English learners with only 15% of students passing CAHSEE in 2011 while 13% passing the exam in 2012 (School profiler, 2013). In 2014 the subgroups that required focus in their Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) was the socioeconomically disadvantaged. They failed to meet their target of the proficient requirements in Language arts. The group also failed to meet their target in three consecutive years- 2011, 2012, and 1013 hence attracted attention. The group also failed to meet its targets in Mathematics in 2011 and 2013 and this was enough reason why the group required attention. Furthermore, socioeconomically disadvantaged groups still failed to meet their target in 2013 in their Academic Performance Index (API). The other sub groups met most of their targets in the three consecutive years. The school did well in Language arts specifically in the areas of RFEP. For instance, the number of students that passed was 90% in 2013, 87% in 2012 and 89% in 2011 (School profiler, 2013). Some grades performed better than others especially in the California English Language Development Test (CELDT). For instance, in advanced level, grade 9 and 11 performed better than grade 10 and 12. In early intermediate level, grade 12 did better in 2012 than other grades by scoring 23%. Performance in CST and CAHSEE exams varied among the grades in school. Between the two exams, it was evident that most students performed better in CST than in CASHEE. For instance, in the Language arts exams of 2013, only 21% of the grade 12 students passed the CAHSEE exam (School profiler, 2013). RFEP program was best-performed category while English learners recorded the least progress in Language arts. The school performed well in Mathematics led by the RFEP students. There are also variations in performance of Mathematics among the grades. For instance, in Algebra I, in 2012 grade 11 recorded the highest performance of 5%. Performanc e in both CST and CAHSEE exams tended to record variations. There were fluctuations in the results over the years and among the various groups of students. Out of the various groups and programs offered, the program that experienced progress was RFEP which recorded high level of students that scored highly. The least program in making progress was the special education students program, which saw only 26% of the students pass the exam. Sciences and social sciences were also part of the subjects done by students and whose result was provided. Sciences are many and included Biology, Chemistry, Earth science and Physics. The school did well in science and social sciences. Performance varied across the grades in different exams. For instance, in 2011, performance in Biology varied between the grades. Grade 9 students scored 76%, grade 10 scored 34% and grade 11 scored 37%. Such scores were replicated in other sciences and social sciences over the years (School profiler, 2013). There was fluctuation in performance in some of the science subjects. The science subject that recorded the most progress was Physics at an average score of 62% while the subject making the least progress was chemistry. Most of the students across the grades record low performance in Chemistry. The school did w

Evolution of the Financial Development-Economic Growth Research Paper

Evolution of the Financial Development-Economic Growth - Research Paper Example Ultimately, this financial development is seen to impact on better quality investments with higher yields and lower risks, thereby fuelling wealth creation and economic growth.   A similar and more recent study conducted by James Ang (2007) found that financial development leads to higher output growth through the promotion of both private savings and private investment, within the context of the Malaysian economy.   It is hoped that this present study will be able to establish findings of a similar nature, but concerned with more than savings and investment, relevant to ten countries with the highest GDP rates,   and within the milieu of the first two years of the 2008 global financial recession. Ultimately, this financial development is seen to impact on better quality investments with higher yields and lower risks, thereby fuelling wealth creation and economic growth.   A similar and more recent study conducted by James Ang (2007) found that financial development leads to higher output growth through the promotion of both private savings and private investment, within the context of the Malaysian economy.   It is hoped that this present study will be able to establish findings of a similar nature, but concerned with more than savings and investment, relevant to ten countries with the highest GDP rates,   and within the milieu of the first two years of the 2008 global financial recession. 1.3   Statement of the Problem This study will undertake to describe the relationship between the financial development of an economy and the growth of that economy.   It will focus on the economies of four countries:   the United States, the United Kingdom, India, and China.   The study shall also utilize World Bank and IMF indicators to determine their responsiveness to the statistical study on such a causal relationship. 1.4   Objectives of the Study In particular, the paper shall seek to establish the following:1.4.1 To investigate the financial indicators representing financial development, as determined by the WB and the IMF  1.4.2 To determine which among the indicators of economic growth (GDP in local currency, GDP in US dollars, GDP in purchasing power parity, or GDP growth) exhibits the best association with the financial indicators.1.4.3 To assess the relationship between financial indicators and the appropriate economic growth indicator, and the degree to which financial development is influential upon economic growth.

Business Goals and Structure of Infosys

Business Goals and Structure of Infosys Infosys is a global IT services company, its bases located in Pune, India, which provides a wide range of IT related services ranging from consulting, design, development, software reengineering, maintenance, systems integration, package evaluation, and implementation to infrastructure management. Prior to Infosys, Indias IT, software industries consisted of providing end-to-end business solutions at overseas locations. Infosys found that it would be more cost efficient if it has access to local talent, for there is actually a significantly well-educated population of human resources in India. The companys main positioning is to capitalize on the premise of globalization. In the words of Narayana Murthy, the founder of Infosys, the goal of Infosys is sourcing capital from where it is cheapest, producing where it is most cost-effective, and selling where it is most profitable, all without being constrained by national boundaries. When Infosys was first established in 1981 in India, by N.R. Narayana Murthy, and six other entrepreneurs, it began as a small-size firm, with just one employee. Infosys went public in 1993, and until then, it showed fairly modest growth. By late 1990s however, its revenues had increased from $2 million to $121 million, and its share price skyrocketed from 95 INR to 8,100 INR per share. Currently, Infosys is one of the largest IT companies in India, with over 130,000 employees. It has offices in 33 different countries and has development centers in India, China, Australia, UK, Canada, and Japan. Since 2000, for three consecutive years, Infosys was rated best employer to work for by Hewitt Associates, and was the only Indian company to win the Global MAKE award for three consecutive years. It has also been seeing a steady increase in applicants over the years. II. Unique organizational structure evolution of Infosys Due to the increasing acceptance and growth of global sourcing, the business executives and IT executives of Infosys see the need for effective change management to adjust to the changes in business environment. In case of Infosys, the organizational evolution involves setting the framework for work, coordinating and controlling what is to be done, and setting a common set of values for workers around the world. The organizational management of Infosys is a highly people-centric process. It begins with recruitment, training of new employees, and finally, the organizational management of hired employees. Infosys has very high criteria in recruiting its workers. The criteria seek for learnability, the ability for employees to quickly and flexibly take in what they are taught during the employee training stage. Infosys invests a significant portion of company revenue to the training of new employees. During the training program, newly hired workers are heavily trained in order to build skills in specific fields, such as analytical-thinking, problem-solving, principles of operating and database-management systems, networking, customer facing, and negotiation. This is to foster a large pool of workers who are capable of successfully dealing with international clients who have different values, backgrounds, and expectations. It moves on to set a common set of values for employees all around the globe. This set of values is referred to as C-life, which includes five core values of customer delight, leadership by example, integrity and transparency, fairness, and pursuit of excellence. Finally, in the overall organizational management of the company, focused on the hired employees, Infosys focuses on dealing with the complexities and uncertainties that exist in the versatile nature of strategic global sourcing. There are bound to be doubts and uncertainties that may be raised among employees, regarding their involvement in companys decision making process and the fear of being cut off after the completion of a transition, due to the traditional centralized structure of Infosys as an Indian company. In order to address these problems, Infosys has brought upon several changes in organizational management. First, to establish a change team that is supported by senior executives and consists of representatives from each of the key areas influenced by the change, to reach out to the employees and ensure that their concerns are heard and addressed, develop and implement risk mitigation strategies in case of employee retention, and developing a system of communication tha t can be successfully delivered across the organization. In short, Infosys emphasizes communication within the company in its evolutionary organizational structure, in order to tend to the problems that may rise due to the constantly changing nature of the related business environment. III. Challenges faced by Infosys It is evidently true that Infosys has made quiet a success regarding the fact that they started out as a small company. Starting from India, Infosys has successfully entered the global market too. However, the people of Infosys acknowledge the fact that the fast moving and developing society does not guarantee a sure success throughout the future. Until now, Infosys successfully reached some point of their goals on the people side and the business side as well. Children who grew in poor education conditions of India joined Infosys and earned pride, accomplishment and great potential. And Infosys was even hired to design part of the intricate wing structure of the superjumbo A380 aircraft as a result of their works to integrate low-cost, high-quality software development services with its competency of managing large scale projects in distributed locations. This success also brought along challenges for Infosys. The first challenge is to become proactive problem-definers rather than be reactive problem-solvers. Infosys now focuses on trying to solve the problems customers complain about. However, it has to transform its behavior to be more active and responding to customers. Infosys should be able to predict the problems and come up with specific actions to solve them before the customers complain. Infosyss aim is to provide solutions leveraging IT. In order to do this, it needs to plan technology solutions and act on implanting them. The second challenge is to become more and more multicultural. Even though Infosys has made some success in entering the global market and expanding its business boundaries across the world, it still needs to clear the remaining cultural barriers. Without doubt, Infosys has made some efforts. It rotates selected managers from various countries through their Infosys Leadership Institute. Also, when there is a large deal, people from different parts of the world contribute to prepare, defend, and to execute numerous proposals. However, this cannot be sufficient for a company to sustainably grow in the global market. Infosys faces some problems in transferring employees from one region to another, for instance, from the United States to India. Exchange and transformations of employees from various regions is crucial for international companies which shows that Infosys still needs to be more multicultural. Finally, the last challenge of Infosys is to continue to retain the soul of a small organization in the body of a large organization. Infosys initially started as an organization of seven people; Murthy and his six friends with a 250 dollar capital in 1981. Now, it consults more than 200 companies world-wide with a revenue of 6.04 billion dollars. It could be described as a dramatic development in 30 years. Inevitably, many procedures and organizational structures would have faced large modifications along with the development of the company. Now Infosys faces the challenge of balancing the organization procedures as well as becoming an integrated multicultural organization. There exists not one company which does not face challenges. Although Infosys faces multiple problems throughout the future, the CEO of Infosys claims to combat these challenges and win in a flat world. IV. The future prospect of Infosys and possibility of further growth while retaining its founding values Infosys was founded upon a clear vision and mission statement which enabled the sound and stable development of the organization. From its foundation, Infosys aimed to become a globally respected corporation in an environment of fairness, honesty, and courtesy towards its clients, employees, vendors and society at large. The five main values that drive Infosys towards this goal are customer delight, leadership by example, integrity and transparency, fairness, and pursuit of excellence. Nevertheless, the corporation realizes that continuing to retain a soul of a small organization in the body of a large, international organization could be a challenge in the upcoming future that it must address. While it is healthy for an organization to prepare and be prudent, there are enough reasons to believe that Infosys will be able to retain and even increase its growth rate while maintaining its integral founding values at the same time. Infosys emphasizes that human capital as the main asset of the organization. Infosys currently has more than 520,000 employees located in 33 countries worldwide. Infosys is renowned to heavily invest in its employees because it believes that the progress and success of the corporation depends on its workers. The lucky 1 percent of the applicants who are selected to work at Infosys still has to undergo 14 weeks of rigorous boot camp to earn the chance to take the final tests and become official Infoscions. These 14 weeks of training aims to truly transfer the founding values of Infosys so that every Infoscion would always the importance of the basic values that led to the companys success. The process of becoming an employee at Infosys is extremely difficult but the system can ensure that the corporation only picks the best and the brightest workers who can truly add to the value of the international company. The last decade of performance has shown that Infosys continued to prosper w hen they hired more and more of qualified workers around the world. Exhibit 1 and exhibit 2 shown above depict the positive relationship of Infosys employees strength and the revenue of the company. The average employee growth rate during the decade of 1996 to 2006 was 40 percent while its revenue growth rate was 39 percent. As Infosys continues to expand its pool of workers to around the world through its Global Labor Pool, it is best positioned to become a truly multicultural organization that can understand the cultural nuances and languages of its vast client base. Infosys is ready to enjoy high growth of sales in the future while retaining the soul and values of a humble small organization. V. Conclusion-Infosys in 2015 Infosys will be able to grow even more due to the fast changing financial market. By 2015, the world will continue to flatten, fiscal market will further open and this will benefit the world economy, and market regulations will be reduced with technological progress. It will be a true era of globalization and technological advancement. In the financial market there will be a shift of power from the financial institutions to the customers. As technology will give more power to customers to directly take control, Infosys role will become even more crucial in the future in providing high-end-to-end business solutions. Therefore, Infosys will hire more highly trained workers in strategic locations in the world and become an even more multicultural corporation that builds trust and communicates with its customers to establish the status of the most globally respected organization in the world in its field by 2015.

Powerful Symbols and Symbolism of The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Powerful Symbol of the Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne's scarlet token liberates her more than it punishes her.   First of all, Hester's soul is freed by her admission of her crime; by enduring her earthly punishment, Hester is assured of a place in the heavens.   Also, though her appearance is much hampered by the scarlet letter, her mind is freed by it, that an intellectual passion rises from her isolation and suffering.   Finally, it defines her identity, for the letter makes Hester the woman that she is; it gives her roots, character, and a uniqueness to her being that sets her apart from the other Puritans.   The scarlet letter is indeed a blessing to Hester Prynne, more than the curse she believes it to be.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The scarlet symbol of ignominy may have defiled Hester's public image, yet it has been a benefit rather than a bane to her soul, for by admitting her crime to the crowd, her soul is freed from two hells:   first, the fiery pit where she would otherwise go after death, and second, the own personal hell Hester will create for herself if she had chosen to hide her sin in her heart. Though it was ordered for Hester to wear the letter, it was still her own choice to make it in a vivid scarlet, "so fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom."   Hester chose red as the color of her brand of shame, to declare to the rest of the townspeople that she is prepared to acknowledge her sin, instead of denying it; she could have chosen to wear her "A" in a plain and nondistinct color, to escape the townspeople's disdain.   By displaying her guilt however, she is granted the opportunity to face her punishment bravely, thus through her public humiliation, she achieves freedom from the personal guilt of not suffering enough for her crimes.   Furthermore, "the scarlet letter, forthwith seemed to scorch into Hester's breast, as if it had been red-hot." The scarlet A's glowing embers, scorching they may be, also serve to heal, for the pain they inflict on Hester enables her to properly atone for her sin; by devoting this lifetime to repentance and expiation, she would receive relief in Powerful Symbols and Symbolism of The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays The Powerful Symbol of the Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne's scarlet token liberates her more than it punishes her.   First of all, Hester's soul is freed by her admission of her crime; by enduring her earthly punishment, Hester is assured of a place in the heavens.   Also, though her appearance is much hampered by the scarlet letter, her mind is freed by it, that an intellectual passion rises from her isolation and suffering.   Finally, it defines her identity, for the letter makes Hester the woman that she is; it gives her roots, character, and a uniqueness to her being that sets her apart from the other Puritans.   The scarlet letter is indeed a blessing to Hester Prynne, more than the curse she believes it to be.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The scarlet symbol of ignominy may have defiled Hester's public image, yet it has been a benefit rather than a bane to her soul, for by admitting her crime to the crowd, her soul is freed from two hells:   first, the fiery pit where she would otherwise go after death, and second, the own personal hell Hester will create for herself if she had chosen to hide her sin in her heart. Though it was ordered for Hester to wear the letter, it was still her own choice to make it in a vivid scarlet, "so fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom."   Hester chose red as the color of her brand of shame, to declare to the rest of the townspeople that she is prepared to acknowledge her sin, instead of denying it; she could have chosen to wear her "A" in a plain and nondistinct color, to escape the townspeople's disdain.   By displaying her guilt however, she is granted the opportunity to face her punishment bravely, thus through her public humiliation, she achieves freedom from the personal guilt of not suffering enough for her crimes.   Furthermore, "the scarlet letter, forthwith seemed to scorch into Hester's breast, as if it had been red-hot." The scarlet A's glowing embers, scorching they may be, also serve to heal, for the pain they inflict on Hester enables her to properly atone for her sin; by devoting this lifetime to repentance and expiation, she would receive relief in

Creation vs. Evolution Essay

Many different opinions have been made when it comes to where did humans come from? Who or maybe what created us? We all want to know the answer to both of those questions and I’m here to try to explain it for you. There are two different types of believe systems on where we came from. One is creation where they believe we were created by a greater and smarter being who lives in heaven. Then there are the evolutionists who believe hat we came from atoms that exploded or aliens who created monkeys that evolved into humans. First off the creationists believe that about six thousand years ago God created humans. â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.† Genesis 1:1(NIV) See in the bible it says God created the heavens and the earth. At the time when God created the world He created a man named Adam and a woman named Eve to rule over the garden. The Satan, the deceiver, came into the garden and tricked the woman into sinning. As a cause the man and woman were cast out of the garden and from then on sin has corrupted the world and made it what it is today. Creationists also believe that about four thousand years ago a flood covered the whole earth.† For forty days the flood kept coming on the earth, and as the waters increased they lifted the ark high above the earth. The waters rose and increased greatly on the earth, and the ark floated on the surface of the water.† Genesis 7:17-18(NIV). God created a rainbow after the flood as a covenant between Him and us that ne ver again would a flood cover the whole world. Second off evolutionists believe that the world was created by a big bang or some atoms exploding in the atmosphere. So pretty much they’re saying that the world just exploded and here we are today. Newton’s law of motion says, â€Å"Every object persists in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by force impressed on it.† Which means that if an object is spinning and it gets fit by a strong force than it will wobble out of its original course. What im getting at here is that if you have atoms spinning supper fast and it explodes than the objects that come off of it will be spinning the same way as the original object. So, if that’s so than why are a couple of are planets not spinning the same way as the rest? And so evolutionists are pretty much saying that, In the beginning dust. By: Jason Yendell Recourses: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2267227/ EMBO Rep. 2007 December; 8(12): 1107–1109. http://www.clarku.edu/~piltdown/map_intro/creationscience.html

Definition and Examples of Slips of the Tongue

Definition and Examples of Slips of the Tongue A slip of the tongue is a mistake in speaking, usually trivial, sometimes amusing. Also called  lapsus linguae or tongue-slip. As David Crystal has noted, studies of tongue-slips have revealed a great deal about the neuropsychological processes that underlie speech (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 2010). EtymologyA translation of the Latin, lapsus linguae, cited by John Dryden in 1667. Examples and Observations [British Prime Minister]  David Cameron  has accidentally described the 7 May election as career-defining when he meant country-defining, his third gaffe of recent days.  His mistake on Friday was immediately jumped on by his opponents as unintentionally revealing that he was more concerned about his own job prospects than the future of the UK.  It is likely that the prime minister will step down as Tory leader if he is voted out of Downing Street.This is a real career-defining . . . country-defining election that we face in less than a week’s time, he told an audience at the headquarters of Asda in Leeds.(Rowena Mason, Cameron Mocked After Describing Election as Career-Defining.  The Guardian, May 1, 2015)In an apparent slip of the tongue on the campaign trail yesterday, Mitt Romney mixed up the names of Al Qaeda mastermind Osama bin Laden and Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama.The former Massachusetts governor was criticizing Democrats on foreign policy when he said, according to the Associated Press, Actually, just look at what Osam- Barack Obama- said just yesterday. Barack Obama, calling on radicals, jihadists of all different types, to come together in Iraq. That is the battlefield. . . . Its almost as if the Democratic contenders for president are living in fantasyland. . . .Romney, who was speaking at a Chamber of Commerce meeting in Greenwood, S.C., was referring to an audiotape broadcast Monday on Al Jazeera, purportedly of bin Laden, calling for insurgents in Iraq to unite.  Romney spokesman Kevin Madden later explained: Governor Romney simply misspoke. He was referring to the recently released audiotape of Osama bin Laden and misspoke when referencing his name. It was just a brief mix-up.(Marcella Bombardieri, Romney Mixes Up Osama, Obama During S.C. Speech. The Boston Globe, October 24, 2007) We need laws that protect everyone. Men and women, straights and gays, regardless of sexual perversion . . . ah, persuasion . . ..(New York Congresswoman Bella Abzug, quoted by Robert Louis Young in Understanding Misunderstandings: A Practical Guide to More Successful Human Interaction. University of Texas Press, 1999)The Badger State boasts [John] Kerrys most famous slip of the tongue: the time he declared his love for Lambert Field, suggesting that the states beloved Green Bay Packers play their home games on the frozen tundra of the St. Louis airport.(Chris Suellentrop, Kerry Puts the Gloves On. Slate, October 16, 2004)Types of Slips of the TongueNormal speech contains a large number of such slips, though these mostly pass unnoticed. The errors fall into patterns, and it is possible to draw conclusions from them about the underlying mechanisms involved. They can be divided into (1) Selection errors, where a wrong item has been chosen, usually a lexical item, as with tomorrow inste ad of today in Thats all for tomorrow. (2) Assemblage errors, where the correct items have been selected, but they have been assembled in the wrong order, as in holed and sealed for soled and healed.(Jean Aitchison, Slip of the Tongue. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992) Causes of Slips of the TongueMost everyday slips of the tongue . . . are often simply the result of a sound being carried over from one word to the next, as in black bloxes (for black boxes), or a sound used in one word in anticipation of its occurrence in the next word, as in noman numeral (for roman numeral), or a tup of tea (cup), or the most highly played player (paid). The last example is close to the reversal type of slip, illustrated by shu flots, which may not make you beel fetter if youre suffering from a stick neff, and its always better to loop before you leak. The last two examples involve the interchange of word-final sounds and are much less common than word-initial slips.(George Yule, The Study of Language. Cambridge University Press, 2010)Predicting Slips of the Tongue[I]t is possible to make predictions about the form tongue slips are likely to take when they occur. Given the intended sentence The car missed the bike / but hit the wall (where / marks an intonation/rh ythm boundary, and the strongly stressed words are italicized), the likely slips are going to include bar for car or wit for hit. Most unlikely would be har for car (showing the influence of a less prominent word in the second tone unit) or lit for hit (showing a final consonant replacing an initial one).(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010) Freud on Slips of the TongueIf a slip of the tongue that turns what the speaker intended to say into its opposite is made by one of the adversaries in a serious argument, it immediately puts him at a disadvantage, and his opponent seldom wastes any time in exploiting the advantage for his own ends.(Sigmund Freud, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901), trans. by Anthea Bell. Penguin, 2002)The Lighter Side of Tongue Slips- Jerry: For my murinal, I was inspired by the death of my grandma.Tom: You said murinal![Everyone laughs]Jerry: No, I didnt.Ann: Yes, you did. You said murinal. I heard it.Jerry: Anyway, sheApril: Jerry, why dont you put that murinal in the mens room so people can murinate all over it?Tom: Jerry, go to the doctor. You might have a murinary tract infection.[Jerry takes down his mural and walks away defeated.]Jerry: I just wanted to show you my art.Everyone: Murinal! Murinal! Murinal!(The Camel, Parks and Recreation, 2010)- I understand you have taken exception to my calling you whores. Im sorry. I apologize. I ask you to note that I did not call you callous-ass strumpets, fornicatresses, or low-born gutter sluts. But I did say whores. No escaping that. And for that slip of the tongue, I apologize.(Paul Newman as Roy Bean in The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean, 1972)- Maizie said, At Sharis, for only fifteen dollars, you can get a haircut and a blow job.Oh? The gentleman looked surprised . . . and interested.Violet leaned over and said, She means a blow dry.Oh, he said, his voice dropping as the full realization of his loss occurred to him.(Tina Welling, Crybaby Ranch. New American Library, 2008)

Partir Conjugation in French, Translation, and Examples

Partir Conjugation in French, Translation, and Examples Partir  is one of the most common French verbs and it means to leave, though it can take on other meanings as well. In order to use partir  in conversations, you will need to learn how to conjugate it. Partir is an irregular verb, so it does not follow the common patterns found in French. Therefore, you will have to memorize it in all its forms. With time you will learn it and, luckily, partir is so common that youll find plenty of opportunities to practice it. Partir  is not all alone in its conjugations, however. Most French verbs ending in  -mir,  -tir, or  -vir  are conjugated the same way. That means that once you learn one, each new verb becomes a little easier.   In this article you will find the conjugations of partir in the present, present progressive, compound past, imperfect, simple future, near future indicative, the conditional, the present subjunctive, as well as the imperative and the gerund. The Many Meanings of  Partir Partir  most commonly means to leave in the general sense of leaving a place. It is the opposite of  arriver  (to arrive). For example, Je vais partir ce soir (Im going to leave tonight) and Il nest pas parti hier (He didnt leave yesterday). Partir  has a few other meanings as well. For example, it can be used to mean to shoot or to fire: Le coup est parti tout seul (The gun went off (fired) by itself) and Le bouchon est parti au plafond (The cork shot up to the ceiling). Partir can also mean to start or to get off to: Tout à §a est bien/mal parti (It got off to a good/bad start) and On est parti sur une mauvaise piste (We got off on the wrong track, to a bad start). Partir  is a semi-auxiliary, meaning that in some cases it can act in the same way as à ªtre or  avoir.  Ã‚  In this instance, when  partir  is combined with an infinitive verb it means to leave in order to do something: Peux-tu partir acheter du pain  ? (Could you go and buy some bread?) and Il est parti à ©tudier en Italie  (He left to study in Italy). As a euphemism, partir  means  to die or to pass away: Mon mari est parti (My husband passed away). Partir  With Prepositions Partir  is intransitive, which means that it cannot be followed by a  direct object. However, it may be followed by a preposition and an indefinite object (e.g., the destination or point/purpose of departure), or by a day, time, or other modifiers: Ils partent de Paris demain. -  Theyre leaving (from) Paris tomorrow.Quand vas-tu partir la chasse  ? -  When are you leaving to go hunting?Il est parti pour luniversità ©.  -  He left for college / went to college.On va partir demain. -  Were going to leave tomorrow. Additionally,  partir  can have different meanings depending on the preposition that follows it. partir    infinitive means  to start (doing something, usually suddenly): As in,  Il est parti pleurer (He started crying, burst into tears) or  Je suis parti rire  (I started laughing, burst into laughter).partir dans   noun means to start (doing something which interrupts something else): As in, Il est parti dans une digression sans fin (He went off into an endless tangent) and Ne pars pas dans une grande colà ¨re (Dont get all mad).partir de  has two meanings:to begin on or to start from: As in, Le contrat partira du 3 aoà »t  (The contract will begin on August 3rd.) and Cest le deuxià ¨me en partant de la gauche (Its the second from the left).to come from: As in, Ça part du cÅ“ur (It comes from the heart) and Doà ¹ part ce bruit  ? (Where is this noise coming from?).partir pour   infinitive also means to start (and gives the impression of continuing for a long time): As in, Il est parti pour parler pendant une heure (He started talking and looked like hed keep going for an hour) and Elle est partie pour nous raconter sa vie (She started telling us her life story). Expressions With  Partir There are a few common French expressions that rely on  partir. For many of these, you will need to conjugate the verb, using what you learn in this lesson. Practicing these in simple sentences will make them easier to remember. partir de  - from (time, date, place) partir de maintenant  - from now on partir de ce moment-l  - from then on partir du moment oà ¹Ã‚  - as soon as vos marques  ! Prà ªts  ? Partez  !  - On your marks! Get set! Go!cest parti  - here we go, here goes Present Indicative The present indicative in French can be translated to English as the simple present tense I leave or as the present progressive Im leaving. Je pars Je pars tout seul. I leave by myself. Tu pars Tu pars de Paris. You leave Paris. Il/Elle/On part Elle part acheter du pain. She leaves to go buy bread. Nous partons Nous partons pied. We leave on foot. Vous partez Vous partez avec vos amis. You leave with your friends. Ils/Elles partent Ils partent au Canada. They leave for Canada. Present Progressive Indicative As mentioned above, the present progressive in French can be expressed with the simple present tense, but it can also be formed with the present tense conjugation of the verb à ªtre (to be) en train de the infinitive verb (partir). Je suis en train de partir Je suisen train de partir tout seul. I am leaving by myself. Tu esen train de partir Tu esen train de partir de Paris. You are leaving Paris. Il/Elle/On esten train de partir Elle esten train de partir acheter du pain. She is leaving to go buy bread. Nous sommesen train de partir Nous sommesen train de partir pied. We are leaving on foot. Vous à ªtesen train de partir Vous à ªtesen train de partir avec vos amis. You are leaving with your friends. Ils/Elles sonten train de partir Ils sonten train de partir au Canada. They are leaving for Canada. Compound Past Indicative Verbs like partir  require  Ãƒ ªtre  when used in compound tenses  like the  passà © composà ©. To construct this past tense, you will need the auxiliary verb  Ãƒ ªtre and the past participle  parti. Notice that when you form the passà © composà © with à ªtre, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject. Je suis parti/partie Je suis parti tout seul. I left by myself. Tu es parti/partie Tu es parti de Paris. You left Paris. Il/Elle/On est parti/partie Elle est partie acheter du pain. She left to go buy bread. Nous sommes partis/parties Nous sommes partis pied. We left on foot. Vous à ªtes parti/partis/parties Vous à ªtes partis avec vos amis. You left with your friends. Ils/Elles sont partis/parties Ils sont partis au Canada. They left for Canada. Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense is another past tense, but it is usually used to talk about ongoing events or repeated actions in the past, and is normally translated to English as was leaving or used to leave. Je partais Je partais tout seul. I used to leave by myself. Tu partais Tu partais de Paris. You used toleave Paris. Il/Elle/On partait Elle partaitacheter du pain. She used to leave to go buy bread. Nous partions Nous partions pied. We used toleave on foot. Vous partiez Vous partiez avec vos amis. You were leavingwith your friends. Ils/Elles partaient Ils partaient au Canada. They were leavingfor Canada. Simple Future Indicative Je partirai Je partirai tout seul. I will leave by myself. Tu partiras Tu partirasde Paris. Youwill leave Paris. Il/Elle/On partira Elle partiraacheter du pain. She willleave to go buy bread. Nous partirons Nous partirons pied. Wewill leave on foot. Vous partirez Vous partirez avec vos amis. Youwill leave with your friends. Ils/Elles partiront Ils partiront au Canada. Theywill leave for Canada. Near Future Indicative The near future in French is formed with the present tense conjugation of the verb aller (to go) the infinitive (partir). It can be translated to English as going to verb. Je vais partir Je vaispartir tout seul. I am going to leave by myself. Tu vaspartir Tu vaspartir de Paris. Youare going to leave Paris. Il/Elle/On vapartir Elle vapartir acheter du pain. She is going toleave to go buy bread. Nous allonspartir Nous allonspartir pied. Weare going toleave on foot. Vous allezpartir Vous allezpartir avec vos amis. Youare going to leave with your friends. Ils/Elles vontpartir Ils vontpartir au Canada. Theyare going to leave for Canada. Conditional To talk about hypothetical or possible events, you can use the conditional mood. Je partirais Je partirais tout seul si je n'avais peur. I would leave by myself if I were not scared. Tu partirais Tu partiraisde Paris si tu pouvais. Youwould leave Paris if you could. Il/Elle/On partirait Elle partirait acheter du pain si elle avais d'argent. She wouldleave to go buy bread if she had money. Nous partirions Nous partirions pied si ce n'à ©tait pas loin. Wewould leave on foot if it were not far. Vous partiriez Vous partiriez avec vos amis, mais vos amis ne peuvent pas aller. Youwould leave with your friends, but your friends can't go. Ils/Elles partiraient Ils partiraient au Canada s'ils voulaient. Theywould leave for Canada if they wanted to. Present Subjunctive The subjunctive mood is used in situations when the action of leaving is uncertain. Que je parte Mon pà ¨re suggà ¨re que je parte tout seul. My father suggests that I leave by myself. Que tu partes Le juge exige que tu partes de Paris. The judge demands that you leave Paris. Qu'il/Elle/On parte Le patron conseille qu'elle parte acheter du pain. The boss advises that she leave to go buy bread. Que nous partions Charles souhaite que nous partions pied. Charles wishes that we leave on foot. Que vous partiez Jacques prà ©fà ¨re que vous partiez avec vos amis. Jacques prefers that you leave with your friends. Qu'ils/Elles partent Le prà ©sident souhaite qu'ils partent au Canada. The president wishes that they leave for Canada. Imperative When you want to say something like Leave! you can use the imperative verb mood. In this case, theres no need to include the subject pronoun, so simply say, Pars ! Also, to form the negative commands, just place ne...pas around the positive command. Positive commands Tu pars ! Pars de Paris ! Leave Paris! Nous partons! Partons pied ! Let's leave on foot! Vous partez! Partez avec vos amis ! Leave with your friends! Negative commands Tu ne pars pas ! Ne pars pas de Paris ! Don't leave Paris! Nous ne partons pas! Ne partons pas pied ! Let's not leave on foot! Vous ne partez pas ! Ne partez pas avec vos amis ! Don't leave with your friends! Present Participle/Gerund The  present participle  of  partir  is  partant. This was formed by adding the ending  -ant  to the verb stem. One of the uses of the present participle is to form the gerund (usually preceded by the preposition en), which is often used to talk about simultaneous actions. Present participle/gerund ofPartir partant Je pleure en partant Paris. I cry while leaving Paris.

Biblical Concept of Sin Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biblical Concept of Sin - Article Example The present research has identified that the bible is the Christian’s guide to live a spiritually healthy life. The bible has many authors in the different books, who were inspired by God. The Bible teaches Christians to live a pure life with no sin; however, it does not provide a precise definition of sin. Instead, the Bible elaborates on remedies to sin. Like other doctrines, Kinghorn acknowledges the need to apply the concept of progressive revelation. In his attempt to reveal the biblical view of sin, Kinghorn studies the doctrine of sin in both the old and new testaments. He uses this approach in order to follow the revelation of the doctrine of sin throughout the centuries, from the creation of man, as God manifests himself in the human families setting. Kinghorn identifies numerous terms that look into the concept of sin in the Old Testament, which makes it an ideal study in order to understand the doctrine of sin. Mentions of sin in the Old Testament are in Hebrew, who se translations may distort the precise definition of the terms. In this article, we see sin as having an inward concept and an outside concept. The inward concept is best seen in the case of the tenth commandment, while the outside concept of sin is seen in cold-blooded murder. There are many concepts of sin including an act of wrongdoing with regard to ethics, breaking the law due to ill motive, and breaking the covenant of God as a deflection from the lawgiver.   giver. We also look at the doctrine of sin according to the new testament, as portrayed by Jesus through parables and Paul in his letters. The author concludes by relating the doctrine of sin to the opinions of Wesleyans. Critical interaction In defining sin according to the New Testament, Kinghorn looks at human family and the relation it had with God. The family setting in the Old Testament defined sin as an inward act, owing to the sins of our first parents, before it became an outward act. In this regard sin was seen as breaking the law, which made it punishable. According to the Hebrews, there was a clear distinction between sin, which was defined as an act of wrong doing, and what did not constitute sin. According to the book of Leviticus, sin was any act that was contrary to the command, whether it was done knowingly or unknowingly, due to ignorance. Kinghorn supports this claim by quoting the book of Leviticus 5: 17, which says "And if any one sin, and do any of the things wh ich Jehovah hath commanded not to be done, though he knew it not, yet is he guilty, and shall bear his iniquity." The Old Testament looks at both the ethical and legal concepts of sin. In the former, sin involves an act, while in the latter, it is about breaking a law, regardless of knowledge of its existence. Another kind of sin in the Old Testament is one that is not portrayed on the outside, like in the case of condemning murder only if it’s done willingly. Analysis of the sin according to the Old Testament is fouuunded on the idea of progression, whereby the concept of sin is revealed in various people and prophets as we move towards Christianity. Kinghorn identifies some bible characters that had greater vision than others, like in the case of Enoch. He also reveals another concept of sin that involves breaking the covenant of God that is built on human obedience. In such cases, sin is seen as a rebellion against God since the covenant forms the basis of the relationship between God and man. In the Old Testament, sin was seen as not only breaking the law, but also a deflection from the law giver. The analysis of sin according

Marketing Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing Models - Essay Example These are responding to customer needs which will drive company success. Electronic marketing and technology will enable us to relate to the classics. Riley (2012) notes that cheaper and faster will allow businesses to execute strategies that would be impossible before. Consumer wants are constantly changing faster in the 21st century compared to past years. This is due to easy access to products through internet, electronic and print media. Industries are flooded with same products hence customers should to be aware of your business and what it offers. Consumer awareness can be fully achieved through marketing. So as a business person, one must always be focusing into the future. Most Small Micro Enterprises always sideline marketing citing expenses. Small businesses operate mostly on no-frills thus view marketing as expensive. Question that arises is how in absence of marketing one suggests to acquire the much wanted client base that affect sales. Many businesses are in operation and competition cut throat in the 21st century due to improved innovation. Without effective marketing of products, brand Image Company’s are deemed to fail in the start up stages, Riley (2012) Marketing campaign decisions must be drawn to sway sales and consumers. Generally a business could swap sales team size, price and advertisement budget. Marketing process invloves situational analysis, marketing strategy, market mix decision and implementation and control. Because the product already exists in the market and at its maturity stage, the market mix process would be applicable. Several tools are used by marketers to create the desired feedback from target consumers. These set of tools are called marketing mix. At the market mix level, planned decisions are drawn for controllable indicators. The most applicable indicator for the product is product promotional assessment. The main marketing